Equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is one of the main real-time control strategies for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This paper proposes a method to modify this strategy. This modification reduces calculation time of ECMS and therefore, facilitates its application as the real-time controller. Dynamic programming (DP) method is employed to reach this aim. This method is applied on the considered HEV in different drive cycles and its results are used to reduce the calculation time of the ECMS. It is notable that the objective of DP in the urban cycles is to simultaneously minimize the fuel consumption (FC) and NOx emission, while the objective in the highway cycles is only the vehicle FC. In order to examine the success of the proposed modifications, the modified ECMS is compared with the basic ECMS in different drive cycles. It is demonstrated that the execution time of the modified ECMS is much less than that of basic ECMS, while the vehicle‟ s FC and NOx levels slightly increase through application of the modified ECMS.

Train energy saving problem investigates how to control train's velocity such that the quantity of energy consumption is minimized and some system constraints are satis ed. On the assumption that the train's weights on di erent links are estimated by fuzzy variables when making the train scheduling strategy, we study the fuzzy train energy saving problem. First, we propose a fuzzy energy consumption minimization model, which minimizes the average value and entropy of the fuzzy energy consumption under the maximal allowable velocity constraint and traversing time constraint. Furthermore, we analyze the properties of the optimal solution, and then design an iterative algorithm based on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions. Finally, we illustrate a numerical example to show the e ectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm.

Along with exhaust emissions and Fuel consumptions (FCs), noise emission from cars is one of the main concerns of automotive industry. Hybridization is a promising method to not only make automobiles more environmentally-friendly, but also reduce their noise emissions. However, a proper control design for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) to make noise emissions lower is still required in addition to exhaust emissions and FC reductions. In this study, we modify Equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) to keep the engine noise less than tire/road noise during driving. A test bench is established for calculating the engine noise and brake specific FC. Moreover, tire/road noise is experimentally defined as a function of the vehicle speed. It is shown that by implementing the basic ECMS, the engine noise exceeds the tire/road noise in some moments of driving cycle, which is annoying to the passengers. Therefore, a modified ECMS is proposed to limit the candidate engine operating points such that the engine noise does not exceed the tire/road noise. It is shown that the engine noise level is kept below the tire/road noise level by using the modified ECMS at the expense of a very small increase (about 1%) in the vehicle's FC.

Background and Aim: consumption of the epidermis (COE) is defined as thinning of the epidermis with attenuation of the basal and suprabasal layers and loss of rete ridges in areas of direct contact with malignant melanocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of COE as an additional diagnostic criterion for malignant melanoma and to evaluate its relationship to clinicopathological findings.Methodes: The age, gender, localization of the lesion and the histopathological parameters such as tumor type, Breslow thickness, ulceration, and Clark’s level were recoeded in 90 malignant melanoma cases.Results: In contrast to other studies, we found that COE was more common in tumors with an acral localization and in the acral lentiginous melanoma.Conclusion: Although COE can be used as a pathological criterion in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma, but no correlation no of COE with ulceration and other prognostic factors were found.

This paper proposes a new power management strategy (PMS) for parallel hybrid electric vehicles equipped with continuously variable transmission (CVT). The proposed PMS is established on the basis of electric assist control strategy (EACS) and Equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS). This control approach is based on maintaining the battery energy within a recommended range, considering the CVT efficiency in selecting the engine operating point, and finding the best power split between the engine and electric motor at certain moments of the driving. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of this scheme, it is compared with EACS, a modified version of EACS and ECMS. It is shown that, in all of the studied driving cycles, the proposed PMS is superior to the considered rival strategies in terms of the fuel consumption and also HC and CO emissions.

The design of energy management strategy is one of the main challenges in the development of fuel cell electric vehicles. The proposed strategy should be well responsive to provide the demanded power of fuel cell vehicle for motion, acceleration, and different driving conditions resulting in reduced fuel consumption, the increased lifetime of power sources and overall fuel efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to identify precisely the different driving conditions, to separate the battery state of charge regions based on combined efficiency and its mathematical calculations, to determine the fuel value of each gram of hydrogen in generating electric power, to classify the fuel cell output power, to extract the required information quickly, and to distribute power optimally regarding efficiency and lifetime. This paper presents a new multi-level online energy management strategy that is based on operational mode control aiming to operate at minimum Equivalent consumption. Battery charging is also done at the optimum point of the fuel cell so that along increasing total efficiency, subsequent maximum instantaneous power is also satisfied. The simulation results of the proposed strategy indicate a reduction in fuel consumption and an increment in energy consumption efficiency compared to other energy management methods.